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What Is Lojban?/A. Complete Pronunciation Guide
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| 8. Attitudinal | What Is Lojban? ~ Appendix A. Complete Pronunciation Guide written by (edited by) Nick Nicholas & John Cowan | Index |
| The pronunciation guide that appeared in the Overview is intended for speakers of North American English. This more complete pronunciation guide uses the International Phonetic Alphabet, and comparison with the other five source languages of Lojban, in order to be useful outside North America. Rather than concentrate on precise phonetic targets, Lojban phonemes have a range of allowed pronunciations, although there are preferred variants (given first in the IPA chart below.) The intent is to allow speakers to be understood unambiguously, rather than to devise a specific Lojban 'accent'. (ASCII IPA transliteration uses Evan Kirshenbaum's scheme.) |
Appendix A. Complete Pronunciation Guide
mulno ke bacru tadji velciski
Contents |
International Phonetic Alphabet
munje sancyci'e lerfu
a [a] ([A]): an open vowel b [b]: a voiced bilabial stop c [S] ([s.]): an unvoiced coronal sibilant d [d]: a voiced dental/alveolar stop e [E] ([e]): a front mid vowel f [f] ([P]): an unvoiced labial fricative g [g]: a voiced velar stop i [i]: a front close vowel j [Z] ([z.]): a voiced coronal sibilant k [k]: an unvoiced velar stop l [l] ([l-]): a voiced lateral approximant (may be syllabic) m [m] ([m-]): a voiced labial nasal (may be syllabic) n [n] ([n-, ŋ, ŋ-]): a voiced dental, alveolar or velar nasal (may be syllabic) o [o] ([O]): a back mid vowel p [p]: an unvoiced bilabial stop r [r<trl>] ([r, *, r", r<trl>-, r-, *-, r"-]): a rhotic sound s [s]; an unvoiced alveolar sibilant t [t]: an unvoiced dental/alveolar stop u [u]: a back close vowel v [v] ([B]): a voiced labial fricative x [x]: an unvoiced velar fricative y [@]; a central mid vowel z [z]: a voiced alveolar sibilant ' [h] ([T]): an unvoiced glottal spirant . [?]: a glottal stop or a pause ai [aj] ([Aj]) au [aw] ([Aw]) ei [Ej] ([ej]) oi [oj] ([Oj]) ia [ja] ([jA]) ie [jE] ([je]) ii [ji] io [jo] ([jO]) iu [ju] ua [wa] ([wA]) ue [wE] ([we]) ui [wi] uo [wo] ([wO]) uu [wu]
Arabic
xrabo
a
qAl, hAdhA b
buTrus, binzIn c
shatt, shakhS d
diyAr, dar' e
bel, merkebun f
farq, fakka g
Egyptian pronunciation of gamIla, giddan i
bI3a, sIr j
Does not exist in Arabic, but dj corresponds to jamIla, jiddan k
kathira, kull l
laTofa, lA m
matAr, marHaba n
naSr, naSaHanI o
motun, sotna p
r
rusUm, rakhIS s
siHrun, sayyAra t
taskun, tasbaH u
sUq, qUwila v
x
khala3a, khaSSatan y
muHammad, misAfir z
zawAjI, Zeid '
bihi, lahu .
mas-'alatun, al-qur'An ai
Saifun, tarDaina au
khaufun ei
qubeila, buneiyun oi
ia
miSriyyAt, sayyAra ie
yedai ii
io
iu
yUqifu, yUbisu ua
TuwAla, shaqrAwAt ue
ui
suwIdiyyAt uo
uu
wufUd
Chinese (Putonghua/Mandarin)
jungo to jungrputonxua toi
a
ma3shang b
bu2bia4n, bi1ngba2o c
sha1we3i, sha1n shang d
Datong, do1ngfa1ng, da3da3o e
fe1i f
fe1ngshu3i, fei long wu feng g
ga1olia2ng, za1oga1o i
bi1ngli4 j
k
ke4re2n, ka1iko3u l
Aolo2ng, lu2nli2u m
ma2fa4n, mi2ngme4i n
Nanning, ne2ngli4, no2ngre2n o
duo1, wo3 p
pinyin, he2pi1ng r
re2n, ra2ng, e2rto2ng s
sa1njia3o, sa3ngme2nr t
Tang, te4bie2 u
dao4lu, go1ngfu1, gu3wu4 v
x
hen hao y
she2nme, wo3 la2i le z
'
.
ai
la2i, ba2ica2i au
la3o, za1oga1o ei
Feizhou, Meiguo, Beijing oi
fat choy in Cantonese (fa3 ca4i) ia
Yazhou, ya1zi, ya2ngre2n ie
lie4fe1ng, mie4wa2ng ii
Yingguo, yi1, yi4we2n io
pe2ngyo3u, niu2ro4u -> nyou iu
yo4nggo1ng ua
ba1gua4 ue
wu + ye -> we ui
Pu-yi (don't pronounce the y!) uo
Luoma uu
wu2bi3
Hindi & Urdu
a
Ag, Ap b
bandar, barf c
Cer, Cahar d
dard, das e
ek, ekAnt f
farC, fasl (as in Urdu) g
garam, gardan i
IC, Ikh j
Does not exist in Hindi, but dj corresponds to jab, jaldI k
kab, kamal l
laRkI, lahar m
magar, man n
nagar, namak o
oRnA, oMTh p
pakaR, pacapan r
rAt, rAstA s
sab, samajh t
tab, tarah u
Upar, Un v
vah, vajah x
xabar, xatm (as in Urdu) y
ab, agar z
zarUr, zindA (as in Urdu) '
kahI~, dehAt .
ai
gAy, cAy au
ei
oi
ia
yA, bAyA~ ie
ye, jyeSTh ii
io
kyo~, prayoj iu
yUn, yUropIya ua
darvAza, itvAr ue
svet, CveshT ui
tasvIr, svIkAr uo
uu
Russian
a
massa b
byt' c
shar d
dat' e
eto f
telefon g
gora i
chislo j
zhenshchina k
kot l
luna m
mat' n
nos o
tom p
zapad r
rubl' s
sosed t
tut u
shum v
votum x
xorosho y
kolokol z
zloj '
.
ai
chitaj au
ei
dejstvo oi
Tolstoj ia
ja javljaju ie
evrejskij ii
io
uznaete iu
ujutnuju ua
ue
ui
uo
uu
Spanish
a
ala b
bote (plosive, not fricative) c
show d
dato (plosive, not fricative) e
este f
foto g
gato (plosive, not fricative) i
iris j
lluvia (some accents), perro (some accents) k
kilo l
luna m
mano n
nube o
oso p
pato r
pero, perro s
sapo t
tapa u
uno v
nieve x
jaula y
z
Israel (voiced)
'
lejos (some accents) .
ai
aire au
auto ei
reino oi
oigo ia
piano ie
piedra ii
allí (some accents) io
piojo iu
ciudad ua
cuatro ue
puente ui
ruido uo
cuota uu
